在英语中，多数副词是通过在形容词后加上后缀 -ly 构成的，例如 slowly（慢慢地）、sadly（悲伤地）、loudly（大声地）、happily（幸福地）和 quietly（安静地）等。然而，并非所有副词都遵循这一规则，其中最典型的例子是 hardly，它通常与 ever 连用；此外，单词 hard 既可以作为形容词使用，也可以作为副词使用，但作为副词时，其含义与 hardly 并不相同。
一、hardly 的用法
hardly 是一个表示程度的副词，具有否定意义，通常翻译为“几乎不”或“几乎没有”，常用于 can 或 could 之后，主要动词之前，用以强调做某事非常困难。以下是一些例句：
We can hardly know each other well.
我们彼此还不太了解。
I couldn’t hardly believe the news when I first heard it.
我第一次听到这个消息时简直不敢相信。
I can hardly keep my eyes open now.
我现在都困得睁不开眼睛了。
I can hardly wait to see him again next week.
我迫不及待地期待下周再次见到他。
二、与 hardly 相关的常用搭配
1. hardly 最常见的搭配是 hardly ever，即“几乎从不”。除了这个搭配外，hardly 还经常与 any 及其相关词如 anyone、anybody 和 anything 连用，但 hardly 不与 no、none、no one、nobody、nothing 或 never 等其他表示否定意义的词连用。
hardly ever:
When I was young, we used to visit our grandparents every year, but now I hardly ever get the chance to see them.
我小时候每年都会去看望祖父母，但现在几乎没机会见到他们了。
I hardly ever have the opportunity to go to the cinema alone since I have children.
自从有了孩子以来，我几乎没机会一个人去看电影。
hardly any/anyone, anybody, anything
I have hardly any money left.
我几乎不剩什么钱了。
She spent hardly any of the money on herself.
她几乎没有把钱花在自己身上。
Hardly anyone attended the meeting.
几乎没人参加会议。
Hardly anyone was able to sleep that night.
那天晚上几乎没人能睡着。
We had hardly any food to eat for several days straight.
我们已经连续几天几乎没东西吃了。
The child was almost completely unclothed.
这孩子几乎什么都没穿。
2. hardly … at all
在某些情况下，我们可以在动词、形容词或紧跟在 hardly 后面的名词后面加上 at all 来加强语气，例如：
I hardly slept at all last night.
我昨晚几乎没睡着。
He has hardly rested at all this week.
这周他几乎没休息过。
三、hardly 的位置
当 hardly 单独使用时，通常放在主语和实义动词之间，或者在情态动词、助动词或 be 动词之后，例如：
1. 主语和实义动词之间，例如：
He hardly needed to work hard to qualify for the finals.
他几乎不需要努力就获得了决赛资格。
2. 情态动词、助动词或 be 动词之后，例如：
I can hardly wait for the weekend.
我几乎等不及周末了。
My piano lesson is on Monday, and I have hardly practiced at all this week.
我的钢琴课是在星期一，这周我几乎没练习过。
There were hardly any visitors at the museum.
博物馆里几乎没什么游客。
3. 当 hardly 要么修饰实义动词，要么修饰实义动词后的名词或短语，那么 hardly 既可以放在实义动词之前，也可以放在之后，例如：
She hardly got any rest.
她几乎没得到休息。
✔: She hardly had any rest.
✔: She had hardly any rest.
四、hardly 的倒装用法
1. 与其他具有否定意义的单词一样，当 hardly 放在句首时，句子需要部分倒装，例如：
Hardly does she have the chance to listen to music.
她几乎没机会听音乐。
Hardly had we reached our destination when we encountered a problem.
我们刚到达目的地就遇到了问题。
2. 在更正式的语境中，当描述两件事情紧接着发生时，可以使用 hardly … when 结构，其中 hardly 放在句首，句子需要部分倒装，这相当于 scarcely … when，例如：
Hardly had I started to sleep when the phone rang.
我刚躺下睡觉，电话就响了。
Hardly had I reached the office when I was sent back to the headquarters 100 miles away.
我刚到达办公室就被派回100英里外的总部。
Hardly had my friend asked a question when he found the correct answer.
我的朋友一问问题就找到了正确答案。
词或词组辨析：
break (a) sweat 意为“费力气，辛苦工作”
关注外语学习之路，未来将更加精彩。